The 2018 Camp Douglas Memorial Ceremony in Chicago (Part 2)

For the 27th consecutive year, 'Camp Douglas Memorial' Camp #516 (Chicago, IL) hosted the Illinois Division of the Sons of Confederate Veterans' annual Confederate Memorial Day service at Confederate Mound within Oak Woods Cemetery on the south-side of Chicago, IL. This year, however, was the first time that the event was threatened by protesters.

[In 'Part 1' of this post, I discussed why there are around 6,000 Confederate soldiers buried in Chicago, and how the monument at Oak Woods Cemetery came to be. If you have not read it, you can go to it by clicking HERE.]

***PRIOR TO THE EVENT***

The annual observance held by the Illinois SCV was scheduled to be held on April 22, 2018, and the date was set well in advance. The information regarding the location, date & time was also made public on social media.

On Thursday, April 5th (17 days before the Confederate Memorial Service at Oak Woods), news broke that a coalition of self-proclaimed "anti-racist organizations and individuals" was planning to protest the ceremony; furthermore, this group is calling for the removal of the grave-marker that stands over the mass-grave site containing the remains of nearly 6,000 Confederate prisoners of war, and for it to be replaced with a monument for Ida B. Wells (an African-American investigative journalist, educator, feminist, and early leader in the Civil Rights Movement), who is buried in a different section of the very large cemetery.

The location of Confederate Mound within Oak Woods Cemetery

An officer of Admiral Raphael Semmes Camp #1321 (Dearborn, MI), SCV, saw the story in his newsfeed and immediately contacted the Illinois Division to inform them of the protest, and a line of communication was opened with Matthew Evans, Commander of 'Camp Douglas Memorial' Camp #516 (Chicago, IL), SCV.

The very thought or idea that anyone would protest a memorial service at the mass-grave of American military veterans is beyond the pall. Thankfully, the monument and the gravesite that it marks is under the protection of the federal government, through the U.S. Dept. of Veterans Affairs & the National Cemetery Administration. The proper authorities were alerted by Cmdr. Evans to insure that this memorial service could be conducted in peace and that the gravesite (and all monuments & ornamentation pertaining to it) would be protected from anyone who might seek to damage or desecrate it in any way.

Confederate Mound at Oak Woods Cemetery (Image Credit: SCV Camp #1321)

Cmdr. Darron Williams (Camp 1321) & Cmdr. Jim Perkins (Major General Patrick Ronayne Cleburne Camp #2257 [Grand Rapids, MI] were informed about the possible protest the same day the Illinois Division was initially contacted. The decision was made by both Michigan camp commanders, separately, to organize compatriots from their respective camps to make the trip out.

The Michigan contingent that made the trip out to Chicago on April 22 consisted of the following:
(Camp #1321) Cmdr. Darron Williams, 1st Lt.Cmdr. George Calder & 2nd Lt.Cmdr. Jonathan McCleese; (Camp #2257) Cmdr. Jim Perkins, Adj. Duane Peachey & Robert Fragala.

The Memorial at Confederate Mound (Image Credit: SCV Camp #1321)

***ARRIVAL AT OAK WOODS***

Cmdr. Darron Williams paying his respects (Image Credit: SCV Camp #1321)

Members of Camp #1321 got an extra early start on the road, partially because the navigator (yours truly) didn't factor a time zone change into our plans, so we naturally arrived at the cemetery extra early. This was a good thing, as it gave us a chance to experience visiting the gravesite in peace & serenity; only one other person was there when we arrived. Nearly an hour was spent examining the monument & other memorial decorations, photographing everything and taking in the fact that about 6,000 Confederate soldiers were at rest beneath the ground around us. Realizing that the ceremony would not start for another 2 hours, we decided to leave the cemetery briefly for a bite to eat and to drive around the south-side of Chicago... which isn't much different than the south side of Detroit.

Upon our arrival back to the cemetery shortly after 10:00 a.m. (CST), we found that protestors had arrived and were hanging around at the cemetery entrance and that there were plenty law enforcement officers on hand to keep an eye on the day's events. We drove back to the monument to find that there were also plenty of people there to honor the brave Southern soldiers buried there, plus more law-enforcement officers and a smattering of folks from the media. The hour before the service was spent talking to new friends that we were meeting, many of them compatriots in the SCV and some being descendants of men who were buried in the mound. It was a pleasure to connect with them all.

***THE CEREMONY***

The ceremony began shortly after 11:00 a.m. (CST) with greetings and an introduction from Jim Barr, Commander of the Illinois Division of the Sons of Confederate Veterans. Cmdr. Barr then continued by giving a brief history of the Confederate Mound Memorial at Oak Woods Cemetery before reading from the Order for the Burial of the Dead of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America.

Jim Barr, Commander of the SCV's Illinois Division (Image Credit: SCV Camp #1321)

Upon the conclusion of the reading of the burial rites, the speaker's position was handed to Cmdr. Matthew Evans of 'Camp Douglas Memorial' Camp #516. Cmdr. Evans began his opening remarks by thanking the visiting camps & reenactors for coming out before introducing himself and delivering the following address....

We're not here today to debate causes of the "civil war"; those can be found in a book, preferably outside of a high school or college class. We gather here today to pay honor to these men behind me, who suffered and died in a land foreign to them.

Not much is known about Camp Douglas and the impact it had on a Confederate soldier. This mound behind me - that shows the impact [that] Camp Douglas had on them. Old men, young men, fathers & sons from all kinds of backgrounds passed through the gates of Camp Douglas. This mound is the only thing left of them. It's no monument; it's a memorial - it's a headstone. The soldier fixed atop of that column you see there watches over these men.

Matthew Evans, Cmdr. of SCV Camp #516 (Image Credit: SCV Camp #516)

[On] April 15, 1861, Lincoln called up 75,000 men to invade the independent Southern states. This act prompted the states of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee & Arkansas to secede, joining the newly formed country - The Confederate States of America. This began the bloodiest war in our country's history. Southern states called upon their sons, some who lie here with us today, to do their duty to defend their state, their homes and their families. These men went to do their duty, not as aggressors or in the spirit of conquest. Despite the hardships endured by the Confederate soldier, they continued to do their duty; despite it all the Confederate soldier prevailed in most major conflicts, even if victory was not at hand.

Nearly 258,000 Confederate soldiers would die on the field of battle, in hospitals, and POW camps, like Camp Douglas. They died protecting what they loved the most - family. They fought bravely and nobly against overwhelming forces & odds; they suffered hardships that many of us will never know or experience today. They were called to do their duty as Americans, as fathers, as sons, brothers and loved ones, serving without hesitation.

What we owe these men today, and the many thousands of Confederate soldiers buried across this country, is to make sure the truth is told, not only about the war, but of their struggles.

NO ONE SHOULD HAVE TO FIGHT FROM THEIR GRAVE. Today, their voice is now our voice. These soldiers aren't just names on a board or on a headstone; they're our ancestors... our heroes... a piece of our family. Without hesitation or question, all of these men deserve respect, honor & dignity from each one of us today. DEO VINDICE!

Cmdr. Evans then stepped away from the speakers position and stood beside the honor guard as they fired a gun salute.

The Confederate Memorial Guard (Image Credit: SCV Camp #1321)

DivCmdr. Barr then came back to give recognition to the presence of  Michael Pierpoint, 1st Lt.Cmdr. of the Illinois Division of the SCV, and then proceeded to introduce Harry Reineke IV, Past Commander of Camp #516.

Harry Reineke IV [Past Commander, Camp #516] & Michael Pierpoint [1st Lt.Cmdr. of the IL Div. SCV] (Image Credit: SCV Camp 1321)

P-Cmdr. Reineke led the final act of this beautifully organized ceremony - the spreading of the sacred southern soil over the burial mound. Jars of soil obtained from each of the Confederacy's 13 states their territories were presented. For each one, P-Cmdr. Reineke would randomly select a jar, read the name of the state from which that soil came from, and then permit anyone in attendance to come up and spread some of that state's sacred soil over the mass grave. Participants in spreading the Southern soil included Cmdr. Williams, 1st Lt.Cmdr. Calder & 2nd Lt.Cmdr. McCleese from Camp #1321 & Cmdr. Perkins from Camp #2257. The conclusion of this very special portion of the ceremony also served as the close of the event.

***THE PROTEST***

As it regards the efforts of those who had stated their intention to "protest" the memorial service, it was a total failure. According to the media, there were about 50 protesters in total and about 40 on hand to honor the Confederate's buried there. Thanks to the efforts of law-enforcement on hand to keep the peace & the federal authorities on hand to protect their property, we almost did know that the protesters were there. We left the cemetery as safely as we'd entered it, driving right past our "opposition" on the way out. There were several stories about it all in the local media the next day, and I'm sure that they were disappointed in the lack of controversy.

Past-Commander Reineke with the Michigan SCV Compatriots (Image Credit: SCV Camp #516)

***CONCLUSION***

Our goal on that Sunday morning was to honor our brave men & boys in gray who paid the ultimate price in a land far from home as prisoners of war, and do so in peace; we had no intention of offending or harming anyone in any way. Despite what some (the media & the workers of hate & division) may have hoped for, with thanks to God we can say that we won the day because the ceremony went off without a hitch and everyone was able to go home without any incident.

The praiseworthy efforts of Cmdr. Matthew Evans cannot be overstated. His calm, yet firm resolve and level-headed decision making during such a time are largely the reason that this all played out as it did. He is a credit to the organization, and it was a pleasure to meet him and to serve under his direction in support of the Illinois Division & Camp #516 that day.

On behalf of the Michigan compatriots who attended, many thanks go out to the IL Division & Camp #516 for the hospitality that they showed to us - before, during & after the event. It was our honor to be a small part of the wonderful ceremony they put on and, if the Lord is willing, we'll get to serve with them again in the future.

DEO VINDICE!
- Jonathan McCleese
2nd Lieutenant Commander
Admiral Raphael Semmes Camp #1321 (Dearborn, MI)
Army of Tennessee, Sons of Confederate Veterans

The 2018 Camp Douglas Memorial Ceremony in Chicago (Part 1)

On Sunday, April 22, 2018, for the 27th consecutive year, 'Camp Douglas Memorial' Camp #516 (Chicago, IL) hosted the Illinois Division of the Sons of Confederate Veterans' annual Confederate Memorial Day service at Confederate Mound within Oak Woods Cemetery on the south-side of Chicago, IL. This year, however, was the first time that the event was threatened by protesters.

Before I go into the details of the memorial service and the events leading up to it, let's take a look at why there are around 6,000 Confederate soldiers buried in Chicago, how the monument at Oak Woods Cemetery came to be and what the 'Confederate Mound' memorial actually consists of.

***CAMP DOUGLAS & THE CONFEDERATE DEAD***

     The history of Camp Douglas, a Union prison camp where tens-of-thousands of Confederate prisoners of war were deliberately mistreated, malnourished and tortured, can not be adequately told here. You should know, however, that over 6,000 Confederate POWs died there due to deplorable conditions & intentionally cruel Union war policies. (See approximate location of Camp Douglas in relation to the present day aerial view, with and without modern street names, in the image below.)

     While the prison camp did have two small cemeteries on it's grounds, most of the Confederate dead were originally buried in Chicago's old City Cemetery (located at present day "Lincoln Park"). Several administrative factors after the war forced the U.S. Federal government to find a permanent burial ground for the remains of those who died at Camp Douglas. A lot within Oak Woods Cemetery was selected, and the remains of the Confederate dead were reinterred there, between 1865-1867, in three concentric trenches within an elliptical plot. Once completed, they had inadvertently created what is believed to be the largest mass-grave in the western-hemisphere. The lot became known as "Confederate Mound." (See image below to get an idea of the location of 'Confederate Mound' within the cemetery and the size of the plot.)

     After removal of the Confederate remains to Oak Woods Cemetery was completed, the U.S. government took no role in maintaining the mass-grave plot for more than thirty years; The Oak Woods Cemetery Association cut the weeds twice per year. According to the National Cemetery Administration, no markers or memorial were initially placed on the lot, and none would be for nearly three decades.

     In 1887, the Ex-Confederate Association of Chicago, largely thanks to the efforts of a former "resident" of Camp Douglas named Thomas P. Longwood, obtained permission from the U.S. Army Quartermaster, Brigadier-General Samuel B. Holabird, to erect a grave monument within the bounds of Confederate Mound. John C. Underwood, a former Confederate engineer who served at the time with the title of "General" in the 'Provisional Army of the North' of the United Confederate Veterans (UCV), was placed in charge of raising funds for the monument by UCV Camp #8 of Chicago in 1892, and was granted permission to erect the monument in May of the next year.

John C. Underwood, as he appeared during the War years and then in the mid-1890s.

     In a lavish, yet somber affair of martial pomp & circumstance, the monument to the 6,000+ Confederate dead of Chicago was dedicated on Memorial Day - May 30, 1895. An estimated crowd of 100,000 were on hand for the occasion, and such a large number of floral arrangements were sent from the South to decorate the site that it required multiple train cars to transport them all into the city. Among the many political officials, military dignitaries and prominent citizens who were present at Oak Woods Cemetery that day was sitting U.S. President, Grover Cleveland, who was accompanied by members of his cabinet.

Confederate Mound as it appeared in 1895.

     Of course, a large number of Confederate veterans came up north to be present for the ceremony, including Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, Gen. James Longstreet, Gen. Stephen D. Lee, Gen. Matthew C. Butler, Gen. Henry Heth, Gen. Samuel French, Col. William Lowndes Calhoun, Col. Henry Kyd Douglas & Maj. Holmes Conrad.

Maj.Gen. Fitzhugh Lee

Lt.Gen. Stephen D. Lee

Lt.Gen. James Longstreet

Maj.Gen. Matthew C. Butler

Maj.Gen. Samuel French

Maj.Gen. Henry Heth

Maj. Holmes Conrad

Col. William L. Calhoun

Col. Henry Kyd Douglas

     Speeches at the ceremony included introductory remarks by Cpl. John C. Underwood (Commanding Officer of the UCV's Army of the North), a prayer by Rev. Joseph Desha Pickett (Chaplain of Kentucky's "Orphan Brigade" in the Confederate Army), the dedicatory oration by Gen. Wade Hampton, and a memorial poem by Maj. Henry Thompson Stanton.

Rev. Joseph Desha Pickett                    Maj. Henry Thompson Stanton

Lt.Gen. Wade Hampton delivering the dedicatory address on May 30, 1895

***THE MEMORIAL AT CONFEDERATE MOUND***

-The Monument-
     "The monument ... was constructed by the Southern Granite Company of the widely known 'Pear' granite from it's quarries at Constitution Hill, Ga."

     "The lower base or platform is fifteen feet six inches square, upon which are laid three other bases; and, on the front of the center one, cut in raised and polished letters of bold outlines, are the words, 'Confederate dead.' The upper base is adorned with a series of rich mouldings and on the front of this stone is placed an enlarged model of the well-known Confederate seal..."

[Image Credit: J.M. McCleese; 2018]

     "The 'die' of the monument is made of one massive stone...; on the front is the inscription and on the other three sides are placed artistic bronze panels."

Confederate Mound in 1895

     "[T]he column is over thirty feet high, [and] the total height of the monument, including the statue, is nearly forty feet."

-The Statue-
     "The statue is over eight feet high, is that of a Confederate infantryman, and every old soldier will recognize the figure as that of a typical Confederate as he appeared at the close of the war. He stands with folded arms looking down in regret upon the field where hosts of his comrades sleep; with travel-stained clothing and shoes worn, he is the picture of one who has suffered many hardships and whose defeat has been accomplished only after a bitter struggle. He has on the usual accoutrements of the soldier, and his face is typical of southern manhood.

Image: c. 1895

     "This statue is true to nature and perfect in detail, even to the placing of the trousers within the socks to guard against dust a common practice with Confederate infantry.

[Image Credit: J.M. McCleese; 2018]

     "The figure represents the soldier after the surrender, is without military arms, very impressive in its silent dignity, easy and natural in its pose and readily conveys the story of the past."

[Image Credit: J.M. McCleese; 2018]

-The Panels-
     "The panel on the east represents the 'Call to Arms' at the beginning of the Confederacy and is a very striking scene, one that relates the story at a glance. Here is displayed the front of an old style courthouse, with the numeral 1860 over the door. On one side of the door a southern volunteer in uniform is represented, on the other a number of persons flocking to the entrance are seen, some of them going in. Figures representing men in various conditions of life, the laborer, artisan and professional man are depicted as they are hastening from their avocations, encouraged by their wives and daughters, to enroll themselves beneath the southern battle cross, for the 'call' has gone forth throughout the length and breadth of the south and amid wild and sectional enthusiasm all classes rush to the aid of their country. Many a grizzled veteran gazing at this sculptured bronze picture in these later and quieter days will mentally recall the beginning of the arduous struggle, which has no parallel in history.

[Image Credit: J.M. McCleese; 2018]

     "The panel on the west [titled, "Veteran's Return Home"] represents an extremely pathetic picture. It is the return of the soldier to his home. The realism thrown into this scene is wonderful. In the foreground of the medallion is an unarmed Confederate soldier in rude and picturesque garb, leaning on a hickory staff cut on his way returning from the 'front,' whose attitude reveals deep dejection. He is gazing upon a dismantled log cabin and sorrowfully thinking of the past. The broken door lies extended across the deserted threshold, part of the roof has been carried away by a round shot, wild ivy has grown up and run over a corner, and the house of his youth is a ruin. Solitude is pictured everywhere, and even the birds are seen deserting the desolate surroundings of the soldier's destroyed home. Near by lies a discarded cannon and war debris, and the sun, slowly declining in the west, by its departing rays furnishes an appropriate setting to the picture, and lends completion to the idea sought to be expressed by the deft hand of the sculptor, that of a lighted hope and a ruined substance, portraying the cause that is lost.

[Image Credit: J.M. McCleese; 2018]

     "The panel on the south side of the 'die' is entitled 'A Soldier's Death Dream,' and is an allegorical picture, representing a "private" who, having received a mortal wound on the field of battle, has crawled beneath the sheltering branches of a tree to die. The bronze design further represents a field earthwork and stockade, with a gun silently frowning through an embrazure, and a dead horse lying near by. The moonbeams disclose the dismantled fortification, and in the soft half-light of the distance a battlefield stretches away. The wonderful feat of working the moonlight into this scene has been done by the artist with rare accuracy. The deathly stillness of the after-battle picture is made more vivid by the drooping flag and the night effect produced by the pale rays of the waning moon, shining through clouds, and the hovering of a vampire bat, as an imaginary ghoul, over the hero remains of the dead soldier.

[Image Credit: J.M. McCleese; 2018]

     "On the north face the following inscription is worked in incised letters upon a polished granite panel: ERECTED TO THE MEMORY OF THE SIX THOUSAND SOUTHERN SOLDIERS HERE BURIED, WHO DIED IN CAMP DOUGLAS PRISON, 1862-5."

[Image Credit: J.M. McCleese; 2018]

 -The Cannons & Ordnance-

[Image Credit: J.M. McCleese; 2018]

 "These four cannon, being guns captured from the Union forces in the battles of Murfreesboro and Chickamauga, and afterward manned by the Confederates and fought on the southern side in the battles of Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Dalton, Kennesaw mountain, Peachtree creek, Atlanta and Franklin, were finally recaptured by the Federals in the battle of Nashville and subsequent engagements. It constitutes a field battery of light artillery of distinguished battle record and is here permanently parked, never again to belch forth deadly missiles in horrible splendor of war."

Image from the May 1895 Dedication

Image from the May 1895 Dedication

***CONFEDERATE MOUND: 1895 - 2018***

     In the immediate years after the dedication ceremony, Confederate Mound would sit largely undisturbed, and mostly uncared for. The local Confederate veterans group did not have the funds to maintain the site, and the U.S. government seemed unwilling to furnish the funds. A report in 1889 describes the mound in poor condition; in just four short years the marshy land surrounding the mass-grave had been raised, leaving Confederate Mound as a "low & depressed piece of ground." A solution was devised that would see the center of the mound, where the monument is located, raised up.

     On March 9, 1906, the U.S. Congress passed Public Act No. 38, which authorizes, "to provide for the appropriate marking of the graves of the soldiers and sailors of the Confederate army and navy who died in Northern prisons and were buried near the prisons where they died, and for other purposes." This led to federal commissioners floating the idea of installing flat, individual grave markers around the mound for each soldier interred there, but this proposal was never accepted. As a compromise that all parties could agree to, it was decided in 1910 that the existing 1895-monument would be raised and placed on a new base, affixed to which would be bronze plaques bearing the names of 4,275 known Confederates buried there. The work was completed before the end of 1911.

[Image Credit: J.M. McCleese; 2018]

      For more than 100 years, Confederate Mound has remained virtually unchanged in it's appearance. Since the early 1990's, the men of 'Camp Douglas Memorial' Camp #516 (Chicago, IL) and the Illinois Division of the Sons of Confederate Veterans have held a memorial service at the mound without controversy until this year.

[The second half of this story will be published in the coming days. Stay tuned...]
DEO VINDICE!
- Jonathan McCleese
2nd Lieutenant Commander
Admiral Raphael Semmes Camp #1321 (Dearborn, MI)
Army of Tennessee, Sons of Confederate Veterans
---------------------------------------------
Sources:
- ['REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS INCIDENTAL TO THE ERECTION & DEDICATION OF THE CONFEDERATE MONUMENT' by John C. Underwood (1896)]
- ['THE STORY OF CAMP DOUGLAS: CHICAGO'S FORGOTTEN CIVIL WAR PRISON' (Google Books) by David L. Keller (2015)]
- ['FEDERAL STEWARDSHIP OF CONFEDERATE DEAD' (E-Book) by U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (2016)]
- [CHICAGO MAGAZINE (Online): How the South Side Came to House a Not-So-Controversial Confederate Memorial]
- [NATIONAL CEMETERY ADMINISTRATION: Confederate Mound]
- [NPS.GOV: Confederate Mound at Oak Woods Cemetery]
- [WIKIPEDIA: Camp Douglas (Chicago)]
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Notes:
- All historical imagery, including those of the monument & it's dedication from 1895, the portraits of the Confederate officers, and the historic quotations have been used from Underwood's 1896 book.
- All images marked [Image Credit: J.M. McCleese; 2018] are the property of Jonathan McCleese, and may be used without permission by any individual or organization that seeks to honor Confederate Veterans and their cause of Southern Independence, provided that recognition is given to Admiral Raphael Semmes Camp #1321 (Dearborn, MI), Sons of Confederate Veterans; all others seeking to use these images must seek permission.

The Funeral Oration for Nathan Bedford Forrest

[As all know by now, the gravesite of Gen. Nathan & Mary Forrest was unlawfully desecrated a couple of weeks ago. In researching for a piece I intended to write regarding that matter, I stumbled upon the text of Rev. Dr. George Tucker Stainback's message that he preached at the funeral of Lieutenant-General Nathan Bedford Forrest on October 31, 1877 at the Court Street Cumberland Presbyterian Church in Memphis, TN. Reverend Stainback, formerly a chaplain in the Confederate Army, delivered what I consider one of the finest sermons ever spoken. Since I have not found it transcribed anywhere else on the web, I am going to share it here. I have endeavored to transcribe it as it was presented in the Memphis Daily Appeal newspaper on November 1, 1877. If I have made any error in transcription, I do apologize, and welcome anyone to let me know of any needed correction. May the following words ever remain a testimony to the legacy of honor left by this oft & long maligned hero of the South! Rest as peacefully as you can, General & Mrs. Forrest... - JM]

A Sermon of Rev. Dr. George Tucker Stainback

Delivered as part of the Funeral of GEN. NATHAN BEDFORD FORREST

on Oct. 31, 1877 at the Court St. Cumberland Presbyterian Church in Memphis, TN

========================================

     The text which I have selected, my hearers, as a foundation from which to pronounce to you at this hour the funeral oration of my deceased friend and brother, you will find in the fourth verse of the eleventh chapter of St. Paul's Epistle to the Hebrews - "He being dead, yet speaketh."

     This language was spoken by the Apostle Paul in reference to Abel, who, four thousand years before his day, lived and acted his part among men. It has especial reference to his acts of devotion to God, and Paul intends to teach us that, although Abel had been dead and his bodily presence removed from the world for this long period of time, yet that by his deeds he was living and speaking, and teaching the generation in which Paul lived, four thousand years after.

     The acts of men never die; they survive the death of the body and live on, and speak and affect others for good or evil ages after the actor has left the field of action. Our deeds make us immortal; and the immortality of our words and actions make our living at all a fearful thing. "No man liveth to himself, and no man dieth to himself." He who uttered the text has ceased from his earthly toils more than eighteen centuries ago; yet by his acts of devotion to God, his sublime faith and courage, his unflagging zeal and energy in behalf of the cause of the Master, he is today speaking, and animating and encouraging the hearts of millions in the path of truth and holiness, and will speak as long as time shall last - ay, as long as eternity shall endure. So with all the noble, and pure and good in ages past.

     The reverse of this is also true. All the moral monsters of the past are in their graves, but the influence of their deeds of violence and heaven-defying wickedness is still speaking and maturing its harvest of ruin and death among men.

     The subject of this funeral oration forms no exception to the rule. Lieutenant-General Nathaniel Bedford Forrest, "though dead, yet speaketh." His acts have photographed themselves upon the hearts of thousands, and will speak there forever.

(1.) Though dead, he speaks to us in his noble acts of devotion and self-sacrifice for the happiness and welfare of his mother and brothers and sisters cast upon his care, when a boy, by the death of his father. Unlike thousands of young men of the present day, who, in similar trials, are a burden and a tax upon the already over-strained and over-worked nerves and muscles of a poor mother and her fatherless children, this man, when a boy, assumed the responsibilities and took upon himself nobly the task of caring for his mother and his helpless loved ones. It was in this school he learned the manly virtue of self-reliance which so distinguished him in after life.

(2.) Though dead, he yet speaks to us in the honor and integrity of his actions in all the business affairs of life. No man can say that Bedford Forrest intentionally wronged him out of a penny. He may, like all of us in our poverty-stricken south, not have been able to meet promptly his engagements, and he may now be involved, still, he has worked hard that his creditors should lose nothing by him. His conversations with me on that subject I shall never forget.

(3.) Though dead, he yet speaks to us in the kindness and benevolence and charity of his great heart. Though like an enraged tiger when aroused, yet when the occasion had passed that called into action his terrible passion, that caused him to say and to do things that seem utterly at variance with the above statement, he was as gentle as a woman, and withal, sorry too, for his rashness. The poor who shared his benefactions will long mourn (his passing.) The convicts he worked on his plantation, have lost, by his death, their best friend.

(4.) He speaks to us all in his grand and lofty and self-sacrificing patriotism, and devotion to what he believed to be for the best interest of the country. On her alter he sacrificed ease, comfort, the endearments of home, fortune, and was willing to sacrifice even life itself to vindicate what he thought to be the injured rights of his oppressed people; and how well and truly he did all, the historian on his brightest page will tell, and the poet in his loftiest strains will sing. His deeds of valor at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Fort Pillow, Athens, Franklin, Chickamauga, Brice's Cross-roads and Harrisburg will live and speak for his heroism until the latest period of recorded time. These deeds have built for him a monument in the hearts of his countrymen, that the wear and tear of all the ages to come cannot crumble.

     The whole south is a mourner here, at his honored bier, to-day. Ah! I go further, and say that the whole country mourns with us to-day the death of this grandest of heroes. And our neighboring State of Mississippi, for whom he and his noble band of soldiers did more than for any other State in all the Confederacy - come along her citizens - come and bow down in sorrow at the death of Bedford Forrest. Did I say, my hearers, that the whole southern people were to-day mourners at his bier? Ah, I go further, and say that the whole country mourns with us to-day the death of this man - one of the grandest of earth's military captains. While he marshalled our men on the tented field of the south, and from the beginning to the end kept that saber unsheathed, and rode at the head of his conquering battalions a terror to his enemies - yet, when, the time came for surrender, with honor and manhood and everything that was noble and grand in his nature, he sheathed that sword; he surrendered it, and it was an honest surrender. And from that day to this he has sought to heal up and mollify the wounds and bruises of the war, and his enlarged patriotism and devotion took hold of the whole republic, and he was as true to it, and would have been as true to it, if his sword had been wanted, as he hindered it on one occasion; as true to the banner against which he lead his devastating cohorts as he was against it on that memorable field. Hence I say, among all true soldiers, whether the soldiers who wore the gray or the soldiers who wore the blue, the name of Bedford Forrest is loved and honored, and they mingle their sorrows and tears with us at his funeral to-day.

(5.) He speaks to us in his simple faith and trust in the world's Redeemer. On the fourteenth day November 1875 - it was a calm Sabbath evening - I saw General Forrest and his beloved wife enter my church quietly and take their seat in their pew. My text for the occasion was the parable of the two builders - the close of the Savior's sermon upon the mountain. The text is as follows:
"Therefore whosoever heareth these sayings of mine and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man, which built his house upon a rock; and the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew and beat upon that house; and it fell not; for it was founded upon a rock. And every one that heareth these sayings of mine and doeth them not, shall be likened unto a foolish man, which shall build his house on the sand; and the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew and beat upon that house, and it fell, and great was the fall of it."

     At the close of the discourse, on reaching the door of the church, I found General Forrest awaiting me. We shook hands, and I locked my arm in his and descended to the pavement. I saw he was silent and seemed somewhat agitated. I did not suspicion the cause. Presently he stopped abruptly, and, fixing his piercing gaze upon me, said: "Sir, your sermon to-night has removed the last prop from me. I am the fool who has built his house upon the sand. I am a miserable, lost sinner." And with that this iron-hearted man reeled against that house there, and stood there trembling like an aspen leaf, while the great big tears ran down his cheeks. Said I: "General Forrest, thank God for this. When a man realizes the fact that he has been building his house on sand he is clearing the way to get it on the rock."

     Yes, and the reason why so many of you to-day are poor, dying sinners, why you are building you house upon a foundation of sand, which shall be swept away when the storms and tempests come, is because you do not feel, you do not realize, your miserable condition as did this man.

     He was calm. There was no excitement in the church that night. Finding him in this condition, I immediately commenced conversation with him. I brought to bear upon his mind some passages of God's word, especially the sixteenth verse of the third chapter of John. I quoted to him where it is an epitome of the whole gospel scheme: "God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth on Him should not perish, but have everlasting life." I then directed him for prayer to the fifty-first Psalm, and told him to read and think about it, and said: "I will come to your rooms to-morrow night, General, and we will read the word of God, and I will pray with you, and we will talk over this whole matter."

     At the appointed time I repaired to his room on Madison street, and he was waiting for me. We commenced reading the Word of God, and talked of this great question, and after a while engaged in prayer. At the close of prayer he raised his head and said, "I am satisfied. I feel that all is right. I accept Jesus. I put my trust in Him alone for salvation." He commenced next morning to hold his devotion, took up his cross, and went to God in prayer. This he kept up.

     And now, my friends, since that time General Forrest has said a good many things that didn't look much like a Christian. He has done a great many things which didn't look like he was imitating the Master much. All that no man could have felt more keenly and deplored more sincerely than General Forrest himself. He told me so last Thursday. He acknowledged it all. He said he had not been living as he ought to have lived; that he had said and done a great many things in the presence of others which he sincerely regretted and deplored, as he feared he had thereby hurt the cause of his Master. "But," said he, "I want you to understand now that I feel that God has forgiven me for all;" and then, lifting up his emaciated hand, and pointing his finger to his breast, with a smile upon his face, said: "Just here I have an indescribable peace. All is peace within. I want you to know that between me and my God, between me and the face of my Heavenly Father, not a cloud intervenes." I am using his own language. "I have put my trust in my Lord and Savior." And, my friends, he discoursed upon that subject in such a way that I was overwhelmed. His emaciated hand was lying in mine, and I bowed my head upon that hand and wept - wept for joy. And I said, "It does my soul good, sir, to hear you speak thus for the Master, and testify to the power of God's grace in the conversion of sinners." He then gave me some messages to deliver to his friends in the church, and to his comrades, and to his irreligious friends. Said he, "Tell my brethren and sisters in the church that I have been lying upon my bed for more than six weeks, in communion with my God. Tell them to be encouraged to take up their cross and follow the Lord Jesus. Tell my comrades and my irreligious friends, from me, to seek and serve God; to give their hearts to Jesus; to live for another world."

     Oh! ye men, ye comrades of his; you who have heretofore on many a battlefield hastened to obey the commands and orders of your honored chieftain, will you, oh, will you obey the dying command of Bedford Forrest? Will you to-day surrender your hearts, and obey the commands of the great captain-general of your souls? Will you to-day commit yourselves to God? Will you become soldiers of the cross, and follow your chieftain to his home on high? My friends, I have no doubt he is there. I have no doubt that that troubled spirit, which suffered long and suffered much, has been borne there on angels' wings, and is now within the presence of it's God. Yes, and I want the citizens of Memphis to know, and I want the citizens of this great Republic to know that Bedford Forrest bore this testimony to the power of God's grace to save sinners. And had I a voice as loud as seven thunders, and occupied a position as lofty as the Alps, I would sound it out, that the dying and sinful world may know it and come to God. Oh! my friends, will you - will you his brethren and sisters in the church, obey the dying request of the brother who has just passed from our midst? Will you who are near and dear to him? Will that honored son and that honored brother, and those who were dear to him - will they follow this man's advice? Will they seek Jesus and become servants of God? But, my beloved hearers, let us imitate him in this, the grandest aspect of his life.

     Yes, he has folded his tent - folded his tent on earth, but on fame's eternal camping ground - up yonder, fast by the captain-general of our salvation - it is pitched to be struck no more forever. He has passed away. His deeds, his mighty acts belong to this and to coming generations. After the passions and prejudices of war have passed away, and the historian sits down in his study to write of the great men, of the military captains who have lived and flourished, high up among the very first will stand the name and will be recorded the deeds of Nathaniel Bedford Forrest. This last war, on our side of the house, produced three great men - three great military captains - Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, and Nathaniel Bedford Forrest; and I rank him to-day alongside of those grand men, and God has taken the three to his home.

     My hearers, let us obey our dead brother's last request. Let us determine, by the grace of God, that we will acquit ourselves nobly of the duties and responsibilities resting upon us in reference to this world; but above all, that we will acquit ourselves of the responsibilities, the obligations and the duties we owe to God. If these are neglected, our life is a failure, however great it has been. And now, my sorrowing ones, in conclusion let me say to you, come along, bring all your sorrows with you, cast your burden upon God and he will sustain you. May God bless you and comfort your hearts, and bring you at last to a blessed reunion in Heaven, for Christ's sake. Amen.